Direct and Indirect Speech

Dalam bahasa Indonesia, direct and indirect speech adalah kalimat langsung dan tak langsung.

There is four kinds of direct and indirect speech ( yes / no question, command, statement and introgative 5 W 1 H ) ( Ada empat jenis dari kalimat langsung dan tak langsung yaitu pertanyaan dengan jawaban ya atau tidak, kalimat perintah, pernyataan dan pertanyaan 5W 1H )

Tenses, change Direct into Indirect, but the tense doesn't change if the direct speech uses ask or asks, say or says, want or wants etc ( Verb inf of Subject ). ( Tenses berubah ketika kalimat langsung menjadi tak langsung, tetapi tenses tidak berubah jika kalimat langsung menggunakan ask atau asks, say atau says, want atau wants dll yaitu kata kerja infinitif dari subjek )

A. Formula for Statement ( Rumus untuk Pernyataan )

@. Subject + Verb inf of Subject : The Sentence That is Said by Subject ( Direct Speech )
@. Subject + Verb inf of Subject + That + The Sentence That is Said by Subject ( Indirect Speech )

1. Direct ( Simple Present Tense ) so Indirect ( Simple Past Tense or Present Perfect Tense )

Example

a. John says : I need help into John says that he needs help ( John changes into he, : changes into that )
b. John said to Jane : I need help into John asked that he needed help ( John changes into he, : changes into that, need changes into needed, said to changes into asked )
c. John said to Jane : I need help into John asked that he has needed help ( John changes into he, : changes into that, need changes into has needed, said to changes into asked )

2. Direct ( Simple Past Tense ) so Indirect ( Past Perfect Tense )

Example

a. John said to Jane : I needed help into John asked that he had needed help ( John changes into he, : changes into that, needed changes into had needed, said to changes into asked )

3. Direct ( Present Continous Tense ) so Indirect ( Past Continous Tense )

Example

a. John said to Jane : I am looking for her into John asked that he was looking for her ( John changes into he, : changes into that, am changes into was, said to changes into asked )

4. Direct ( Present Perfect Tense ) so Indirect ( Past Perfect Tense )

Example

a. John said to Jane : I have looked for her into John asked that he had looked for her ( John changes into he, : changes into that, have changes into had, said to changes into asked )

5. Direct ( Past Perfect Tense ) so Indirect ( Past Perfect Tense )

Example

a. John said to Jane : I had looked for her into John asked that he had looked for her ( John changes into he, : changes into that, said to changes into asked )

6. Direct ( Present Future Tense ) so Indirect ( Past Future Tense )

Example

a. John said to Jane : I will need help into John asked that he would need help ( John changes into he, : changes into that, will changes into would, said to changes into asked )