Direct and Indirect Speech

Dalam bahasa Indonesia, direct and indirect speech adalah kalimat langsung dan tak langsung.

There is four kinds of direct and indirect speech ( yes / no question, command, statement and introgative 5 W 1 H ) ( Ada empat jenis dari kalimat langsung dan tak langsung yaitu pertanyaan dengan jawaban ya atau tidak, kalimat perintah, pernyataan dan pertanyaan 5W 1H )

Tenses, change Direct into Indirect, but the tense doesn't change if the direct speech uses ask or asks, say or says, want or wants etc ( Verb inf of Subject ). ( Tenses berubah ketika kalimat langsung menjadi tak langsung, tetapi tenses tidak berubah jika kalimat langsung menggunakan ask atau asks, say atau says, want atau wants dll yaitu kata kerja infinitif dari subjek )

B. Formula for 5W 1H ( Rumus untuk 5W 1H )

@. Subject + Verb inf of Subject : The Sentence That is Said by Subject ( Direct Speech )
@. Subject + Verb inf of Subject + one of 5W 1H + The Sentence That is Said by Subject ( Indirect Speech )

1. Direct ( Simple Present Tense ) so Indirect ( Simple Past Tense or Present Perfect Tense )

Example

a. John says : why do you hate rats ? into John says why he or she hates rats ( you changes into he or she , : and why change into why )
b. John said : why do you hate rats ? into John aksed why he or she hated rats ( you changes into he or she, : and why change into why, hate changes into hated, said to changes into asked )
c. John said : why do you hate rats ? into John asked why he or she has hated rats ( you changes into he or she, : and why change into why, hate changes into has hated, said to changes into asked )

2. Direct ( Simple Past Tense ) so Indirect ( Past Perfect Tense )

Example

a. John said : why did you hate rats ? into John asked why he or she had hated rats ( you changes into he or she, : and why change into why, hate changes into had hated, said to changes into asked )

3. Direct ( Present Continous Tense ) so Indirect ( Past Continous Tense )

Example

a. John said : What are you doing ? into John asked what he or she was doing ( you changes into he or she, : and what change into what, am changes into was, said to changes into asked )

4. Direct ( Present Perfect Tense ) so Indirect ( Past Perfect Tense )

Example

a. John said : when have you looked for her ? into John asked when he or she had looked for her ( you changes into he or she, : and when change into when , have changes into had, said to changes into asked )

5. Direct ( Past Perfect Tense ) so Indirect ( Past Perfect Tense )

Example

a. John said : when had you looked for her ? into John asked when he or she had looked for her ( you changes into he or she, : and when change into when, said to changes into asked )

6. Direct ( Present Future Tense ) so Indirect ( Past Future Tense )

Example

a. John said : when will you look for her ? into John asked when he or she would look for her ( you changes into he or she, : and when change into when , will changes into would, said to changes into asked )