Direct and Indirect Speech

Dalam bahasa Indonesia, direct and indirect speech adalah kalimat langsung dan tak langsung.

There is four kinds of direct and indirect speech ( yes / no question, command, statement and introgative 5 W 1 H ) ( Ada empat jenis dari kalimat langsung dan tak langsung yaitu pertanyaan dengan jawaban ya atau tidak, kalimat perintah, pernyataan dan pertanyaan 5W 1H )

Tenses, change Direct into Indirect, but the tense doesn't change if the direct speech uses ask or asks, say or says, want or wants etc ( Verb inf of Subject ). ( Tenses berubah ketika kalimat langsung menjadi tak langsung, tetapi tenses tidak berubah jika kalimat langsung menggunakan ask atau asks, say atau says, want atau wants dll yaitu kata kerja infinitif dari subjek )

C. Formula for Yes No Question ( Formula untuk Pertanyaan dengan Jawaban Ya atau Tidak )

@. Subject + Verb inf of Subject : The Sentence That is Said by Subject ( Direct Speech )
@. Subject + Verb inf of Subject + if or whether + The Sentence That is Said by Subject ( Indirect Speech )

1. Direct ( Simple Present Tense ) so Indirect ( Simple Past Tense or Present Perfect Tense )

Example

a. John says to Anne : do you like chocolate ? into John says if or whether she likes chocolate ( you changes into she , : and do change into if or whether )
b. John said to Anne : do you like chocolate ? into John asked Anne if or whether she liked chocolate ( you changes into she, : and do change into if or whether, like changes into liked, said to changes into asked )
c. John said to Anne : do you like chocolate ? into John asked Anne if or whether she has liked chocolate ( you changes into she, : and do change into if or whether, like changes into has liked, said to changes into asked )

2. Direct ( Simple Past Tense ) so Indirect ( Past Perfect Tense )

Example

a. John said to Anne : did you like chocolate ? into John asked Anne if or whether she had liked chocolate ( you changes into she, : and did change into if or whether, liked changes into had liked, said to changes into asked )

3. Direct ( Present Continous Tense ) so Indirect ( Past Continous Tense )

Example

a. John said to Anne : are you reading ? into John asked Anne if or whether she was reading ( you changes into she, : and are change into if or whether, am changes into was, said to changes into asked )

4. Direct ( Present Perfect Tense ) so Indirect ( Past Perfect Tense )

Example

a. John said to Anne : have you looked for him ? into John asked Anne if or whether she had looked for him ( you changes into she, : and have change into if or whether , have changes into had, said to changes into asked )

5. Direct ( Past Perfect Tense ) so Indirect ( Past Perfect Tense )

Example

a. John said to Anne : had you looked for him ? into John asked Anne if or whether she had looked for him ( you changes into she, : and have change into if or whether, said to changes into asked )

6. Direct ( Present Future Tense ) so Indirect ( Past Future Tense )

Example

a. John said to Anne : will you look for him ? into John asked Anne if or whether she would look for him ( you changes into she, : and will change into if or whether , will changes into would, said to changes into asked )