Minggu, Maret 18, 2012
Infinitive
Dalam bahasa Indonesia Infinitive adalah Kata Kerja Infinitif atau Tak Tertentu.
Infinitive is classified of 3 parts. The parts are
Infinitive To,
Infinitive Without To and Verb 1 + ing or Gerund or To + Verb 1 (
Infinitive dibagi menjadi 3 bagian. Bagian - bagian itu adalah
Infinitive To, Infinitive Tanpa To dan Verb 1 + ing atau Gerund atau To +
Verb 1 )
2. Infinitive Without To ( Verb 1 ) ( Infinitive Tanpa To atau Kata Kerja yang Kedua adalah Verb 1 )
a. After Verbs make, let, help, know. This infinitive is usual in the
verb that can't be changed to become Verb 1 + ing like have, see, hear,
notice etc. ( Sesudah kata - kata kerja make, let, help, know. Infinitive ini biasa di dalam kata kerja yang tak bisa diubah menjadi Verb 1 + ing seperti like, have, see, hear, notice dll )
Formula ( Rumus )
* Verb + Object + Verb 1
Example
1. Let's Him Buy
2. Made Me Check
3. Have Helped Her Carry
Infinitive
Dalam bahasa Indonesia Infinitive adalah Kata Kerja Infinitif atau Tak Tertentu.
Infinitive is classified of 3 parts. The parts are Infinitive To,
Infinitive Without To and Verb 1 + ing or Gerund or To + Verb 1 ( Infinitive dibagi menjadi 3 bagian. Bagian - bagian itu adalah Infinitive To, Infinitive Tanpa To dan Verb 1 + ing atau Gerund atau To + Verb 1 )
1. Infinitive To
a. After Noun ( Sesudah Kata Benda )
Formula ( Rumus )
* Noun + To + Verb 1
Example
1. Food To Eat
2. Anything To Say ?
3. Cassette Recorder To Listen To
b. After Adjective ( Sesudah Kata Sifat )
Formula ( Rumus )
* Adjective + To + Verb 1
Example
1. Happy To Hear It
2. Proud To Win
3. Difficult To Do
c. After Question Word ( When, Where, What, How etc ) ( Sesudah Kata Tanya seperti When, Where, What, How dll )
Formula ( Rumus )
* Verb + Question Word + To + Verb 1
Example
1. Know What To Cook
2. Tell Me Where To Buy
3. Know How To Solve
d. After Certain Verb ( Setelah Kata Kerja Tertentu )
The example of certain verb is ask, allow, beg, decide, expect, hope,
learn, mean, need, promise, refuse, want, wish, force, invite, lead,
order, persuade, remind, tell, get, compel, cause etc. ( Contoh dari kata kerja tertentu adalah ask, allow, beg, decide, expect, hope,
learn, mean, need, promise, refuse, want, wish, force, invite, lead,
order, persuade, remind, tell, get, compel, cause dll. )
Formula ( Rumus )
* Certain Verb + To + Verb 1
* Certain Verb 2 + To + Verb 1
Example
1. Decide To Study
2. Obliged To Take
A Few - Few - A Little - Little
Dalam bahasa Indonesia, A Few - Few - A Little - Little adalah sedikit.
A Few or Few is used with the countable plural noun. It's usual used inside the positive sentence ( A Few atau Few digunakan dengan kata benda jamak yang dapat dihitung. Itu biasa digunakan di dalam kalimat positif )
Formula ( Rumus )
A Few or Few + The Countable Plural Noun
Example
1. Very Few Friends
2. Few Children
3. A Few Trees
A Little or Little is used with the uncountable plural noun. It's usual used inside the positive sentence ( A Little atau Little digunakan dengan kata benda jamak yang tak dapat dihitung. Itu biasa digunakan di dalam kalimat positif )
Formula ( Rumus )
A Little or Little + The Uncountable Plural Noun
Example
1. Very Little Sugar
2. Little Money
3. A Little Rain
Word Order
Dalam bahasa Indonesia, Word Order adalah Urutan Kata
Word order is word arrangement in exact order at
Indonesia grammar.
It's different with Indonesian language ( Urutan kata adalah aturan kata
dalam urutan yang tepat dalam tata bahasa Indonesia ) . The arrangement
is classified
at 2 part ( Aturan kata tersebut diklasifikasikan pada 2 bagian )
2. The words arrangement inside the English sentence ( Aturan Kata di dalam kalimat bahasa Inggris )
Formula ( Rumus )
Subject + Auxiliary Verb ( A.V. ) + Adverb of Frequency ( A.F. ) + Verb
( V ) + Object ( O ) + Adverb of Manner ( M ) + Adverb of Place ( P ) +
Adverb of Time ( T )
Translation of The Formula ( Penjabaran Penjelasan Rumus )
* Subjects like she, he, my son etc ( Subjek seperti she, he, my son dll )
* Auxiliary verbs ( A.V. ) like am, is, are, was, were, can, could,
may, might, must, will, would, shall, should, have, had, need, dare,
ought to, used to, do, does, did ( Kata Kerja Bantu ( A.V. ) seperti am, is, are, was, were, can, could, may, might, must, will, would, shall, should, have, had, need, do, does did )
* Adverbs of Frequency ( A.F. ) like never, often, usually, always, ever, hardly etc ( Keterangan Frekuensi ( A.F. ) seperti never, often, usually, always, ever, hardly dll )
* Verbs ( V ) like go, went, gone etc ( Kata Kerja ( V ) seperti go, went, gone dll )
* Objects ( O ) like English, book, novel etc ( Objek ( O ) seperti English, book, novel dll )
* Adverbs of Manner ( M ) like slowly, easily etc ( Keterangan Cara ( M ) seperti slowly, easily dll )
* Adverbs of Place ( P ) like there, America, Indonesia, at ..., on ... etc ( Keterangan Tempat ( P ) seperti there, America, Indonesia, at ..., on ... dll )
* Adverbs of Time ( T ) like yesterday, tomorrow etc ( Keterangan Waktu ( T ) seperti yesterday, tomorrow dll )
Example
^ She has never spoken English fluently at work since last year
Word Order
Dalam bahasa Indonesia, Word Order adalah Urutan Kata
Word order is word arrangement in exact order at Indonesia grammar.
It's different with Indonesian language ( Urutan kata adalah aturan kata dalam urutan yang tepat dalam tata bahasa Indonesia ) . The arrangement is classified
at 2 part ( Aturan kata tersebut diklasifikasikan pada 2 bagian )
1. The words arrangement inside the complex noun ( Aturan kata di dalam kata benda majemuk )
Formula ( Rumus )
Noun Determiner / Subjective + Possesive Noun + Ordinal + Enumerator +
Descriptive Adjective / Opinion + Size + Age + Shape + Color + Origin +
Material + Purpose + Noun / Head Noun
Translation of The Formula ( Penjabaran Penjelasan dari Rumus )
* Noun Determiners / Subjectives like a, an, the, possesive pronouns ( my, her, his etc ), both, some, several etc ( Kata Benda Penentu atau Subjektif seperti a, an, the, kata ganti kepunyaan ( my, her, his dll ), both, some, several dll )
* Possesive Nouns like possesive case ( man's, John's, Ani's etc ) ( Kata Benda Kepunyaan seperti hal kepunyaan ( man's, John's, Ani's dll )
* Ordinals like first, second, third etc, last, next, only, same etc, superlatives ( most / est ) ( Urutan seperti first, second, third dll, last, next, only, same dll, bentuk superlatif atau tingkatan paling ( most / est ) )
* Enumerators like cardinal number ( one, two three etc ), few, several, other, numerous, myriad etc ( Pencacah seperti bilangan pokok ( one, two, three dll ), few, several, other, numerous, myriad dll )
* Descriptive Adjectives / Opinions like pretty, strong, beautiful,
interesting, attractive, expensive, courageous, foolish, frightened,
possible etc ( Kata Sifat Deskriptif / Pendapat seperti pretty, strong, beautiful, interesting, attractive, expensive, courageous, foolish, frightened, possible dll )
* Sizes like little, big, small, short, long etc ( Ukuran seperti little, big, small, short, long dll )
* Ages like old, new etc ( Usia seperti old, new dll )
* Shapes like circle, circular, round, square etc ( Bentuk seperti circle, circular, round, square dll )
* Colors like red, green, brown, white, black, colorful etc ( Warna seperti red, green, brown, white, black, colorful dll )
* Origins like French, American, Indonesian, Italian etc ( Asal seperti French, American, Indonesian, Italian dll )
* Materials like leather, cotton, wool etc ( Bahan seperti leather, cotton, wool dll )
* Purposes like racing, riding, sport, history etc ( Tujuan seperti racing, riding, sport, history dll )
* Nouns / Head Nouns like painting, horse, garden, book, sock, victory etc ( Benda atau Kepala Kata Benda seperti painting, horse, garden, book, sock, victory dll )
Example
^ An Ani's first two beautiful big new square colorful Indonesian cotton history painting
A Lot Of or A Lot
Dalam bahasa Indonesia, A Lot Of or A Lot artinya banyak.
A Lot Of or A Lot is used inside news sentence that is accompanied the plural noun that can or can't be calculated ( A Lot Of atau A Lot digunakan di dalam kalimat berita yang disertai kata benda jamak yang bisa atau tak bisa dihitung )
Formula ( Rumus )
1. A Lot Of or A Lot + The Plural Noun Can Be Calculated
2. A Lot Of or A Lot + The Plural Noun Can't Be Calculated
3. Verb + A Lot
Example
1. A Lot Of People
2. A Lot Of Sugar
3. Play a lot
Many - Much
Dalam bahasa Indonesia, many - much memiliki arti banyak.
Many is used in front of the plural noun that can be calculated inside the positive, negative and introgative sentence ( Many digunakan di depan kata benda jamak yang bisa dihitung di dalam kalimat positif, negatif dan pertanyaan )
Formula ( Rumus )
Many + The Plural Noun That Can Be Calculated
Example
1. Many People
2. Many Students
3. Many Trees
Much is used in front of the plural noun that can't be calculated inside the positive, negative and introgative sentence ( Much digunakan di depan kata benda jamak yang tak bisa dihitung di dalam kalimat positif, negatif dan pertanyaan )
Formula ( Rumus )
Much + The Plural Noun That Can't Be Calculated
Example
1. Much Sugar
2. Much Cream
3. Much Money
Direct and Indirect Speech
Dalam bahasa Indonesia, direct and indirect speech adalah kalimat langsung dan tak langsung.
There is four kinds of direct and indirect speech ( yes / no question, command, statement and introgative 5 W 1 H ) ( Ada empat jenis dari kalimat langsung dan tak langsung yaitu pertanyaan dengan jawaban ya atau tidak, kalimat perintah, pernyataan dan pertanyaan 5W 1H )
Tenses, change Direct into Indirect, but the tense doesn't change if the direct speech uses ask or asks, say or says, want or wants etc ( Verb inf of Subject ). ( Tenses berubah ketika kalimat langsung menjadi tak langsung, tetapi tenses tidak berubah jika kalimat langsung menggunakan ask atau asks, say atau says, want atau wants dll yaitu kata kerja infinitif dari subjek )
D. Formula for Command ( Formula untuk Kalimat Perintah )
@. Subject + Verb inf of Subject : The Sentence That is Said by Subject ( Direct Speech )
@. Subject + Verb inf of Subject + To + The Sentence That is Said by Subject ( Indirect Speech )
Example
a. She asked me : Open the door, please into she asked me to open the door ( : changes into to )
b. She told me : Move quickly into she told me to move quickly ( : changes into to )
Direct and Indirect Speech
Dalam bahasa Indonesia, direct and indirect speech adalah kalimat langsung dan tak langsung.
There is four kinds of direct and indirect speech ( yes / no question, command, statement and introgative 5 W 1 H ) ( Ada empat jenis dari kalimat langsung dan tak langsung yaitu pertanyaan dengan jawaban ya atau tidak, kalimat perintah, pernyataan dan pertanyaan 5W 1H )
Tenses, change Direct into Indirect, but the tense doesn't change if the direct speech uses ask or asks, say or says, want or wants etc ( Verb inf of Subject ). ( Tenses berubah ketika kalimat langsung menjadi tak langsung, tetapi tenses tidak berubah jika kalimat langsung menggunakan ask atau asks, say atau says, want atau wants dll yaitu kata kerja infinitif dari subjek )
C. Formula for Yes No Question ( Formula untuk Pertanyaan dengan Jawaban Ya atau Tidak )
@. Subject + Verb inf of Subject : The Sentence That is Said by Subject ( Direct Speech )
@. Subject + Verb inf of Subject + if or whether + The Sentence That is Said by Subject ( Indirect Speech )
1. Direct ( Simple Present Tense ) so Indirect ( Simple Past Tense or Present Perfect Tense )
Example
a. John says to Anne : do you like chocolate ? into John says if or
whether she likes chocolate ( you changes into she , : and do change
into if or whether )
b. John said to Anne : do you like chocolate ?
into John asked Anne if or whether she liked chocolate ( you changes
into she, : and do change into if or whether, like changes into liked,
said to changes into asked )
c. John said to Anne : do you like
chocolate ? into John asked Anne if or whether she has liked chocolate (
you changes into she, : and do change into if or whether, like changes
into has liked, said to changes into asked )
2. Direct ( Simple Past Tense ) so Indirect ( Past Perfect Tense )
Example
a. John said to Anne : did you like chocolate ? into John asked Anne if
or whether she had liked chocolate ( you changes into she, : and did
change into if or whether, liked changes into had liked, said to changes
into asked )
3. Direct ( Present Continous Tense ) so Indirect ( Past Continous Tense )
Example
a. John said to Anne : are you reading ? into John asked Anne if or
whether she was reading ( you changes into she, : and are change into if
or whether, am changes into was, said to changes into asked )
4. Direct ( Present Perfect Tense ) so Indirect ( Past Perfect Tense )
Example
a. John said to Anne : have you looked for him ? into John asked Anne
if or whether she had looked for him ( you changes into she, : and have
change into if or whether , have changes into had, said to changes into
asked )
5. Direct ( Past Perfect Tense ) so Indirect ( Past Perfect Tense )
Example
a. John said to Anne : had you looked for him ? into John asked Anne if
or whether she had looked for him ( you changes into she, : and have
change into if or whether, said to changes into asked )
6. Direct ( Present Future Tense ) so Indirect ( Past Future Tense )
Example
a. John said to Anne : will you look for him ? into John asked Anne if
or whether she would look for him ( you changes into she, : and will
change into if or whether , will changes into would, said to changes
into asked )
Direct and Indirect Speech
Dalam bahasa Indonesia, direct and indirect speech adalah kalimat langsung dan tak langsung.
There is four kinds of direct and indirect speech ( yes / no question, command, statement and introgative 5 W 1 H ) ( Ada empat jenis dari kalimat langsung dan tak langsung yaitu pertanyaan dengan jawaban ya atau tidak, kalimat perintah, pernyataan dan pertanyaan 5W 1H )
Tenses, change Direct into Indirect, but the tense doesn't change if the direct speech uses ask or asks, say or says, want or wants etc ( Verb inf of Subject ). ( Tenses berubah ketika kalimat langsung menjadi tak langsung, tetapi tenses tidak berubah jika kalimat langsung menggunakan ask atau asks, say atau says, want atau wants dll yaitu kata kerja infinitif dari subjek )
B. Formula for 5W 1H ( Rumus untuk 5W 1H )
@. Subject + Verb inf of Subject : The Sentence That is Said by Subject ( Direct Speech )
@. Subject + Verb inf of Subject + one of 5W 1H + The Sentence That is Said by Subject ( Indirect Speech )
1. Direct ( Simple Present Tense ) so Indirect ( Simple Past Tense or Present Perfect Tense )
Example
a. John says : why do you hate rats ? into John says why he or she
hates rats ( you changes into he or she , : and why change into why )
b. John said : why do you hate rats ? into John aksed why he or she
hated rats ( you changes into he or she, : and why change into why, hate
changes into hated, said to changes into asked )
c. John said : why
do you hate rats ? into John asked why he or she has hated rats ( you
changes into he or she, : and why change into why, hate changes into has
hated, said to changes into asked )
2. Direct ( Simple Past Tense ) so Indirect ( Past Perfect Tense )
Example
a. John said : why did you hate rats ? into John asked why he or she
had hated rats ( you changes into he or she, : and why change into why,
hate changes into had hated, said to changes into asked )
3. Direct ( Present Continous Tense ) so Indirect ( Past Continous Tense )
Example
a. John said : What are you doing ? into John asked what he or she was
doing ( you changes into he or she, : and what change into what, am
changes into was, said to changes into asked )
4. Direct ( Present Perfect Tense ) so Indirect ( Past Perfect Tense )
Example
a. John said : when have you looked for her ? into John asked when he
or she had looked for her ( you changes into he or she, : and when
change into when , have changes into had, said to changes into asked )
5. Direct ( Past Perfect Tense ) so Indirect ( Past Perfect Tense )
Example
a. John said : when had you looked for her ? into John asked when he or
she had looked for her ( you changes into he or she, : and when change
into when, said to changes into asked )
6. Direct ( Present Future Tense ) so Indirect ( Past Future Tense )
Example
a. John said : when will you look for her ? into John asked when he or
she would look for her ( you changes into he or she, : and when change
into when , will changes into would, said to changes into asked )
Direct and Indirect Speech
Dalam bahasa Indonesia, direct and indirect speech adalah kalimat langsung dan tak langsung.
There is four kinds of direct and indirect speech ( yes / no question, command, statement and introgative 5 W 1 H ) ( Ada empat jenis dari kalimat langsung dan tak langsung yaitu pertanyaan dengan jawaban ya atau tidak, kalimat perintah, pernyataan dan pertanyaan 5W 1H )
Tenses, change Direct into Indirect, but the tense doesn't change if
the direct speech uses ask or asks, say or says, want or wants
etc ( Verb inf of Subject ). ( Tenses berubah ketika kalimat langsung menjadi tak langsung, tetapi tenses tidak berubah jika kalimat langsung menggunakan ask atau asks, say atau says, want atau wants dll yaitu kata kerja infinitif dari subjek )
A. Formula for Statement ( Rumus untuk Pernyataan )
@. Subject + Verb inf of Subject : The Sentence That is Said by Subject ( Direct Speech )
@. Subject + Verb inf of Subject + That + The Sentence That is Said by Subject ( Indirect Speech )
1. Direct ( Simple Present Tense ) so Indirect ( Simple Past Tense or Present Perfect Tense )
Example
a. John says : I need help into John says that he needs help ( John changes into he, : changes into that )
b. John said to Jane : I need help into John asked that he needed help (
John changes into he, : changes into that, need changes into needed,
said to changes into asked )
c. John said to Jane : I need help into
John asked that he has needed help ( John changes into he, : changes
into that, need changes into has needed, said to changes into asked )
2. Direct ( Simple Past Tense ) so Indirect ( Past Perfect Tense )
Example
a. John said to Jane : I needed help into John asked that he had needed
help ( John changes into he, : changes into that, needed changes into
had needed, said to changes into asked )
3. Direct ( Present Continous Tense ) so Indirect ( Past Continous Tense )
Example
a. John said to Jane : I am looking for her into John asked that he was
looking for her ( John changes into he, : changes into that, am changes
into was, said to changes into asked )
4. Direct ( Present Perfect Tense ) so Indirect ( Past Perfect Tense )
Example
a. John said to Jane : I have looked for her into John asked that he
had looked for her ( John changes into he, : changes into that, have
changes into had, said to changes into asked )
5. Direct ( Past Perfect Tense ) so Indirect ( Past Perfect Tense )
Example
a. John said to Jane : I had looked for her into John asked that he had
looked for her ( John changes into he, : changes into that, said to
changes into asked )
6. Direct ( Present Future Tense ) so Indirect ( Past Future Tense )
Example
a. John said to Jane : I will need help into John asked that he would
need help ( John changes into he, : changes into that, will changes into
would, said to changes into asked )
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