Descriptive Text

Dalam bahasa Indonesia, descriptive text adalah teks penggambaran.
Purpose: ( Tujuan )
To describe a particular place/ thing/ person ( Untuk menggambarkan orang atau hal atau tempat secara khusus )

Text Organization: ( Struktur Teks )
^ Identification (mention the special participant) ( Identifikasi : Menyebutkan tokoh yang khusus )
^ Description (mention the part, quality, and characteristics of subject being described) ( Deskripsi : Menyebutkan bagian, kualitas atau keunggulan dan karakter subjek yang sedang dibicarakan )

Language Features: ( Ciri Bahasa )
^ The use of adjectives and compound adjectives. ( Penggunaan kata sifat dan kata sifat majemuk )
e.g. :
- a five hundred seated football stadium.
- a beautiful ancient Roman opera house.
^ The use of Linking Verbs/ relating verbs.
e.g. :
- The temple is so magnificent.
- The temple consists of five terraces.
^ The use of Simple Present Tense
e.g. :
- The museum houses hundreds of Greek Statues.
- The hotel provides 450 rooms and a large swimming pool.
^ The use of degree of comparison
e.g. :
- The weather in Jakarta is hotter than Bandung.
- Bogor has the same weather as Ungaran.

Example

Borobudur Temple

Borobudur is Hindu – Budhist temple. It was build in the nineth century under Sailendra dynasty of ancient Mataram kingdom. Borobudur is located in Magelang, Central Java, Indonesia.

Borobudur is well-known all over the world. Its construction is influenced by the Gupta architecture of India. The temple is constructed on a hill 46 m high and consist of eight step like stone terrace. The first five terrace are square and surrounded by walls adorned with Budist sculpture in bas-relief. The upper three are circular.

Each of them is with a circle of bell shape-stupa. The entire adifice is crowned by a large stupa at the centre at the centre of the top circle. The way to the summit extends through some 4.8 km of passage and starways. The design of borobudur which symbolizes the structure of universe influences temples at Angkor, Cambodia.

Borobudur temple which is rededicated as an Indonesian monument in 1983 is a valuable treasure for Indonesian people.

Recount Text

Dalam bahasa Indonesia, recount text adalah teks menceritakan.

Recount is a text which retells events or experiences in the past. Its purpose is either to inform or to entertain the audience. There is no complication among the participants and that differentiates from narrative ( Recount adalah sebuah teks yang menceritakan kembali kejadian atau pengalaman pada waktu lampau. Tujuannya adalah baik untuk menginformasikan maupun menghibur pemirsa )

A. Generic Structure of Recount ( Struktur Umum dari Recount )
1. Orientation: Introducing the participants, place and time ( Pembukaan : Memperkenalkan tokoh, tempat dan waktu )
2. Events: Describing series of event that happened in the past ( Peristiwa : Menggambarkan rangkaian peristiwa yang terjadi di waktu lampau )
3. Reorientation: It is optional. Stating personal comment of the writer to the story ( Penutup : Itu adalah pilihan. Menyatakan komentar pribadi dari penulis cerita )

B. Language Feature of Recount ( Ciri Bahasa dari Recount )
• Introducing personal participant : I, my group, etc ( Memperkenalkan tokoh pribadi : I, my group dan lain - lain )
• Using chronological connection : then, first, etc ( Menggunakan hubungan kronologis : then, first dan lain - lain )
• Using linking verb : was, were, saw, heard, etc ( Menggunakan menghubungkan kata kerja : was, were, saw, heard dan lain - lain )
• Using action verb : look, go, change, etc ( Menggunakan kata kerja tingkah laku : look, go, change dan lain - lain )
• Using simple past tense ( Menggunakan simple past tense )

Example

My Rush Time as a Journalist

I usually woke up at eight o'clock a.m. and went to the Press Center to check the daily schedule of briefings and press conferences. It was usually held by the United Nation officials or disaster mitigation team.

It was challenging to visit different refugee camps to find soft stories, human interest stories. After that I went back to the Press Center to cover the press conferences of the day.

It was heart breaking when I saw these survivors fight for food and secondhand clothing. Unfortunately as they said, the food and clothing were limited and inadequate. Emerging to glaring, fool noon, it was time to go back to Press Center to write stories and race against time. I was always fearing that the internet would come crushing down.

After everything was done, only then I remembered to eat. Most times, I only ate once a day because I always had to rush and again it was difficult to find food. I had to travel quite far. I needed to spend a 30 to 45 minutes by car just to find fresh food.

Narrative Text

Dalam bahasa Indonesia, narrative text adalah teks cerita.

Narrative text is a kind of text to retell the story that past tense. The purpose of the text is to entertain or to amuse the readers or listeners about the story. ( Narrative texr adalah sebuah jenis teks untuk menceritakan kembali cerita masa lalu. Tujuan teks ini adalah untuk menghibur pembaca atau pendengar tentang cerita itu. )

A. The generic structure of Narrative text : ( Struktur Umum dari Narrative Text )
^ Orientation : ( Pembukaan )
It set the scene and introduce the participants (it answers the question : who, when, what, and where). ( Mengatur adegan dan memperkenalkan tokoh )
^ Complication : ( Persoalan )
Tells the problems of the story and how the main characters solve them. ( Memberitahukan masalah cerita dan bagaimana tokoh utama menyelesaikan masalah tersebut )
^ Resolution : ( Pemecahan )
The crisis is resolved, for better or worse. ( Krisis ini untuk diselesaikan, untuk lebih baik atau lebih buruk )
^ Re-orientation : ( Penutup )
The ending of the story. ( Akhir cerita )
^ Evaluation : ( Penilaian )
The stepping back to evaluate the story or the moral message of the story ( Menengok ke belakang untuk menilai cerita atau nilai moral cerita )

B. Linguistic features : ( Ciri Bahasa )
1. Use active verbs. ( Menggunakan kata kerja tingkah laku )
2. Use past tense. ( Menggunakan past tense )
3. Use conjunction. ( Menggunakan konjungsi )
4. The first person (I or We) or the third person (He, She, or They). ( Menggunakan kata ganti orang pertama ( I atau We ) atau ketiga ( He, She atau They ) )
5. Use specific nouns. ( Menggunakan kata benda tertentu )
6. Use adjective and adverbs ( Menggunakan kata sifat dan keterangan )

C. Kind of Narrative text : ( Jenis dari Narrative Text )
1. Legend : Sangkuriang, Malin Kundang, etc. ( Legenda : Sangkuriang, malin Kundang dan lain - lain )
2. Fable : Mousedeer and crocodile. ( Fabel : Mousedeer dan Crocodile )
3. Fairy tale : Cinderella, Snow white, Pinocchio, etc. ( Dongeng : Cinderella, Snow White, Pinocchio dan lain - lain )
4. Science fiction ( Cerita Fiksi Ilmiah )

Example

Queen of Arabia and Three Sheiks

Maura, who like to be thought of as the most beautiful and powerful queen of Arabia, had many suitors. One by one she discarded them, until her list was reduced to just three sheiks. The three sheiks were all equally young and handsome. They were also rich and strong. It was very hard to decide who would be the best of them.

One evening, Maura disguised herself and went to the camp of the three sheiks. As they were about to have dinner, Maura asked them for something to eat. The first gave her some left over food. The second Sheik gave her some unappetizing camel’s tail. The third sheik, who was called Hakim, offered her some of the most tender and tasty meat. After dinner, the disguised queen left the sheik’s camp.

The following day, the queen invited the three sheiks to dinner at her palace. She ordered her servant to give each one exactly what they had given her the evening before. Hakim, who received a plate of delicious meat, refused to eat it if the other two sheiks could not share it with him.

This Sheik Hakim’s act finally convinced Queen Maura that he was the man for her. “Without question, Hakim is the most generous of you” she announced her choice to the sheiks. “So it is Hakim I will marry”.

Report Text

Dalam bahasa Indonesia,  Report Text adalah teks laporan.

Report is a text which presents information about something, as it is as a result of systematic observation and analysis ( Report adalah sebuah teks yang menghadirkan informasi tentang sesuatu. Itu karena hal ini sebagai hasil pengamatan sistematis dan analisa )

A. Generic Structure of Report ( Struktur Umum dari Report )
1. General classification: Stating classification of general aspect of thing; animal, public place, plant, etc which will be discussed in general ( Klasifikasi Umum : Menyatakan klasifikasi dari aspek umum hal : animal, public place, plant, dan lain - lain yang akan didiskusikan pada umumnya )
2. Description: Describing the thing which will be discussed in detail; part per part , customs or deed for living creature and usage for materials ( Deskripsi : Menggambarkan hal yang akan didiskusikan secara lengkap, bagian per bagian, adat atau perbuatan untuk makhluk hidup dan pemakaian bahn- bahan )

B. Language Feature of Report ( Ciri Bahasa dari Report )
• Introducing group or general aspect ( Memperkenalkan aspek kelompok atau umum )
• Using conditional logical connection; when, so, etc ( Menggunakan hubungan logis bersyarat : when, so dan lain - lain )
• Using simple present tense ( Menggunakan simple present tense )

Example

Mangroove Tree

A mangrove is a tropical marine tree. Mangroves have special aerial roots and salt-filtering tap roots which enable them to thrive in brackish water. Brackish water is salty but not as salty as sea water. Mangrove trees are commonly planted and found in coastal areas. Mangroves can serve as walls of protection for natural disaster in coastal area like tsunami. According to BBC News, healthy mangrove forests had helped save lives in the Asia disaster tsunami and people tended to respect these natural barriers even more, especially after the tsunami.

There are several species of mangrove tree found all over the world. Some prefer more salinity, while others like to be very-close to a large fresh water source such as river. Some prefer areas that are sheltered from waves. Some species have their roots covered with sea water every day during high tide. Other species grow on dry land but are still part of the ecosystem. The Times of India reported that rare species of mangrove had been found and was also known as the looking-glass tree, probably because the leaves are silver-coated.

Mangroves need to keep their trunk and leave above the surface of the water. Yet they also need to be firmly attached to the ground so they are not moved by waves.
Any part of root that appears above the water flows oxygen to the plant under water surface. as the soil begin to build up, these roots procedure additional roots that become embedded in the soil.

Procedure Text

Dalam bahasa Indonesia, Procedure text adalah teks tata cara.

Procedure text is a text to describe how to make or doing something ( Procedure text adalah sebuah teks untuk mendeskripsikan bagaimana membuat atau melakukan sesuatu )

A. Generic Structure Analysis ( Analisa Struktur Umum )
^ Goal : informing on how to make or doing something ( Tujuan : Menginformasikan bagaimana membuat atau melakukan sesuatu )
^ Material : Something that is needed to make or doing something ( Bahan : Sesuatu yang dibutuhkan untuk membuat atau melakukan sesuatu )
^ Steps/ method : showing the method how to make or doing something ( Langkah - Langkah : Menunjukkan langkah - langkah bagaimana membuat atau melakukan sesuatu )

B. Language Feature Analysis ( Analisa Ciri Bahasa )
^ Imperative sentences : write like you talked, re-read what you have done, etc ( Kalimat Perintah : write like you talked, re-read what you have done dan lain - lain )
^ Action verb : write, read, etc ( Kata Kerja Tingkah Laku : write, read dan lain - lain )
^ Temporal conjunction : firstly, secondly, etc ( Konjungsi Sementara : firstly, secondly dan lain - lain )

Example

Writing For Business

Writing something for your business can be pretty intimidating. Well, you don't have to.
Here's a simple checklist to follow. I'm not saying that following these rules will make your company the next Google, but it will help.

Firstly, take the topic of benefits, not features. Your customers don't care about you. They want to know "What's in it for me?"

Secondly, write your benefit like you talk it. Use regular words. Read aloud what you've written. How does it sound?

Thirdly, lose the weak words. Don't describe how your company may, might or should help customers but talk about how your company will.

Fourthly, Use a nice rhythm. Some sentences are long and some are short. Mix them up and keep things interesting.

Fifthly, re-read what you've done before publishing. Edit it necesarily. It's so easy to make mistakes which you don't notice the first time through.

Discussion Text

Dalam bahasa Indonesia, discussion text adalah teks diskusi

A. Social Function ( Fungsi Sosial )
To present (at least) two points of view about an issue. ( Untuk menghadirkan sekurangnya dua hal dari pengamatan tentang sebuah isu. )

B. Generic Structure of Discussion ( Struktur Umum dari Discussion )
1. Issue: ( Isu )
^ Statement ( Pernyataan )
^ Preview ( Pengamatan kembali )
2. Arguments for against or statement of differing points of view: ( Argumen untuk melawan atau pernyataan perbedaan hal - hal dari pengamatan )
^ Point ( Hal - hal )
^ Elaboration ( Uraian )
3. Conclusion or recommendation ( Kesimpulan dan saran )

C. Significant Lexicogrammatical Features ( Ciri Lexicogrammatical Penting )
1. Focus on generic human and generic non-human Participants ( Berpusat pada peserta manusia umum dan peserta bukan manusia umum )
2. Use of: ( Penggunaan )
^ Material Processes, e.g. has produced, have developed, to feed ( Proses material : has produced, have developed, to feed )
^ Relational Processes, e.g., is, could have, cause are ( Proses relatif : is, could have, cause are )
^ Mental Processes, e.g., feel. ( Prose batin : feel )
3. Use of Comparative, contrastive and Consequential conjunctions ( Penggunaan konjungsi komparatif, kontrastif dan konsekuensial )
4. Reasoning expressed as verbs and nouns (abstraction) ( Penalaran dinyatakan sebagai kata kerja dan kata benda ( pemisahan ) )

Example

The Advantage and Disadvantage of Nuclear Power

Nuclear power is generated by using uranium which is a metal mined in various part of the world. The first large scale of nuclear power station was opened at Calder Hall in Cumbria, England in 1956.
Some military ships and submarines have nuclear power plant for engine. Nuclear power produces around 11% of the world's energy needed, and produces huge amounts of energy. It cause no pollution as we would get when burning fossil fuels. The advantages of nuclear plant are as follow:

^ It costs about the same coal, so it is not expansive to make.
^ It does not produce smoke or carbon dioxide, so it does not contribute to the greenhouse effect.
^ It produces huge amounts of energy from small amount of uranium.
^ It produces small amount of waste.
^ It is reliable.

On the other hand, nuclear power is very, very dangerous. It must be sealed up and buried for many years to allow the radioactivity to die away. Furthermore, although it is reliable, a lot of money has to be spent on safety because if it does go wrong, a nuclear accident ca be a major accident.

People are increasingly concerned about this matter. In the 1990's nuclear power was the fastest growing source of power in many parts of the world.

Explanation Text

Dalam bahasa Indonesia, explanation text adalah teks penjelasan

Explanation is a text which tells processes relating to forming of natural, social, scientific and cultural phenomena. Explanation text is to say 'why' and 'how' of the forming of the phenomena. It is often found in science, geography and history text books. ( Explanation adalah sebuah teks yang memberitahukan proses - proses yang berkaitan untuk pembentukan alam, sosial, ilmiah dan fenomena kebudayaan. Explanation text adalah untuk mengatakan 'why' dan 'how' dari pembentukan fenomena. Itu seringkali ditemukan dalam buku teks ilmu pengetahuan, geografi dan sejarah. )

A. Social Function : to explain the processes involved in the formation or working of natural or sociocultural phenomena ( Fungsi Sosial : untuk menjelaskan proses - proses yang dijelaskan dalam pembentukan atau pekerjaan dari fenomena alami dan sosial budaya )

B. Generic structure of Explanation ( Struktur Umum dari Explanation )
^ General statement : stating the phenomenon issues which are to be explained. ( Pernyataan Umum : menyatakan isu fenomena yang adalah untuk dijelaskan )
^ Sequenced explanation : stating a series of steps which explain the phenomena. ( Urutan Penjelasan : menyatakan rangkaian langkah - langkah yang menjelaskan fenomena )

C. Language Feature of Explanation ( Ciri Bahasa dari Explanation )
^ Featuring generic participant : sun, rain, etc ( Menampilkan peserta umum : sun, rain dan lain - lain )
^ Using chronological connection; to begin with, next, etc ( Menggunakan hubungan kronologis : to begin with, next dan lain - lain )
^ Using passive voice pattern ( Menggunakan pola kalimat pasif )
^ Using simple present tense ( Menggunakan simple present tense )

D. Significant Lexicogrammatical Features ( Ciri Lexicogrammatical Penting )
^ Focus on generic, non-human Participants ( Berpusat pada umum, peserta bukan manusia )
^ Use mainly of Material Processes and Relational Processes ( Menggunakan sebagian besar proses - proses material dan proses - proses relatif )
^ Use mainly of Temporal and causal Circumstances and Conjunctions ( Menggunakan sebagian besar keadaan sementara dan sebab akibat dan konjungsi )

Example

The Process of Rain

Water in the earth is kept in many places like the ocean, the ocean, the river and the lake. Butdon't be wrong, the plants leaves and the land also kept water.Each day, this water will evaporate with help of the sun. The process where water evaporatesfrom plants is called transpiration. Afterwards the vapour will experience the process of condensation where the vapour will condense and turn into a cloud. The form of the cloudalways changes according to weather conditions.The clouds will move to different locations with the help of wind that bellows vertically or horizontally. The movement of the vertical wind results in the cloud forming big 'lumps'.After that, the wind increases the size of the cloud and each cloud will overlap.

Finally thecloud will reach the atmosphere that has a lower temperature. Here the particles of water andice is formed.Eventually, the wind can not support the weight of the cloud and so the cloud that is full withwater will experience a process called precipitation or the process where rain or hail falls toearth.

Anecdote Text

Dalam bahasa Indonesia, Anecdote text adalah teks cerpen yang jenaka

Anecdote is a text which retells funny and unusual incidents in fact or imagination. Its purpose is to entertain the readers. ( Annecdote adalah sebuah teks yang memberitahukan kembali kejadian yang lucu dan tak biasa dalam kenyataan atau fantasi. )

A. Generic Structure of Anecdote ( Struktur Umum dari Annecdote )
1. Abstract ( Inti )
2. Orientation ( Pembukaan )
3. Crisis ( Kegentingan )
4. Incident ( Kejadian )

B. Language Feature of Anecdote ( Ciri Bahasa dari Annecdote )
1. Using exclamation words : it's awful!, it's wonderful!, etc ( Menggunakan kata - kata teriakan : it's awful!, it's wonderful dan lain - lain )
2. Using imperative : listen to this ( Menggunakan kalimat perintah : listen to this )
3. Using rhetoric question : do you know what? ( Menggunakan retorika pertanyaan : do you know what ? )
4. Using action verb : go, write, etc ( Menggunakan kata kerja tingkah laku : go, write dan lain - lain )
5. Using conjunction of time : then, afterward ( Menggunakan konjungsi waktu : then, afterward )
6. Using simple past tense ( Menggunakan simple past tense )

Example

Blessing Behind Tragedy

There was a black family in Scotland years ago. They were Clark family with nine children. They had a dream to go to America. The family worked and saved. They were making plan to travel with their children to America. It had taken several years but finally they had saved enough money. They had gotten passport. They had booked seats for the whole family member in a new liner to America.

The entire family was full of anticipation and excitement with their new life in America. However few days before their departure, the youngest son was bitten by a dog. The doctor sewed up the boy. Because of the possibility of getting rabies, there were being quarantined for long days. They were in quarantine when the departure time came. The family dreams were dashed. They could not make the trip to America as they had planned.

The father was full of disappointed and anger. He stomped the dock to watch the ship leaved without him and his family. He shed tears of disappointment. He cursed both his son and God for the misfortune.

Five days latter, the tragic news spread throughout Scotland. The ship, the mighty Titanic, had shank. It took hundreds of passenger and crew with it. Titanic which had been called the unsinkable ship had sunk. It was unbelievable but it was.

The Clak family should have been on that ship, but because of the bitten son by a dog, they were left behind. When the father heard the news, he hugged the son and thanked him for saving the family. He thanked God for saving their lives. It was a blessing behind a tragedy.

Spoof Text

Dalam bahasa Indonesia, spoof text adalah teks lelucon

Spoof is a text which tells factual story, happened in the past time with unpredictable and funny ending. Its social function is to entertain and share the story. ( Spoof adalah sebuah teks yang memberitahukan cerita yang sesungguhnya, terjadi di waktu lampau dengan akhir yang tak terduga dan lucu. )

A. Generic Structure of Spoof ( Struktur Umum dari Spoof )
1. Orientation ( Pembukaan )
2. Events ( Peristiwa - peristiwa )
3. Twist ( Pelintir )

B. Language Feature of Spoof ( Ciri Bahasa dari Spoof )
1. Focusing on people, animals or certain things ( Berpusat pada orang - orang, binatang - binatang atau hal - hal tertentu )
2. Using action verb : ate, ran, etc ( Menggunakan kata kerja tingkah laku : ate, ran dan lain - lain )
3. Using adverb of time and place ( Menggunakan keterangan waktu dan tempat )
4. Told in chronological order ( Diberitahukan dalam urutan kronologis )

Example

Loving Money Too Much

There was a man who liked money very much. He worked all of his life and wanted to save all of his money for his own future. He was a real miser when it came to his money. He loved money more than just about anything.

Even, just before he died, he said to his wife; "Now listen, when I die, I want you to take all my money and place it in the casket with me. I wanna take my money to the afterlife." So he asked his wife to promise him with all her heart that when he died, she would put all the money in the casket with him.

Well, one day, he really died. Then he was stretched out in the casket. The wife was sitting there in black clothes next to her closest friend. When they finished the ceremony, just before the undertakers got ready to close the casket, the wife said "Wait just a minute!"

She had a box in her hands. She came over with the box and placed it in the casket. After that the undertakers locked the casket down and rolled it away. Not long after that, her friend said, "I hope you were not crazy enough to put all that money in the casket."

The wife turned to her friend and replied; "Yes, because I have promised." Then she continued; "I can't lie. I promised him that I was going to put that money in that casket with him." Feeling shocked, her friend said; "You mean that you have put every cent of his money in the casket with him?" Then the wife answered; "Surely I did. I got it all together, put all the money into my account and I just wrote him a check."

Analitycal Exposition Text

Dalam bahasa Indonesia, analitycal exposition text adalah teks eksposisi analitik

Analitycal exposition is a text that elaborates the writer‘s idea about the phenomenon surrounding. Its social function is to persuade the reader that the idea is important matter. ( Analitycal exposition adalah sebuah teks yang menguraikan ide penulis tentang fenomena sekitar. Fungsi sosialnya adalah untuk mengajak pembaca yang idenya bermanfaat. )

A. Social Function : to persuade by presenting argumentsto analyze or explain ‘how’ and ‘why’ ( Fungsi Sosial : untuk mengajak dengan mengajukan argumen untuk menganalisis atau memaparkan 'how' dan 'why' )

B. Generic Structure of Analytical Exposition ( Struktur Umum dari Analitycal Exposition )
1. Thesis: Introducing the topic and indicating the writer’s position ( Tesis : Memperkenalkan topik dan menunjukkan posisi penulis )
2. Arguments: Explaining the arguments to support the writer’s position ( Argumen : Memaparkan argumen - argumen untuk mendukung posisi penulis )
3. Reiteration: Restating the writer’s position ( Perulangan : Memulai kembali posisi penulis )

C. Language Features of Analytical Exposition ( Ciri Bahasa dari Analitycal Exposition )
^ Using relational process ( Menggunakan proses penghubung )
^ Using internal conjunction ( Menggunakan konjungsi dalam )
^ Using causal conjunction ( Menggunakan konjungsi sebab akibat )
^ Using Simple Present Tense ( Menggunakan simple present tense )

Example

Career in Translation

Functionally, translation is transferring the message or the meaning and not the word. According to Nida, such translation is called dynamic equivalence translation. It tries to bring the precise message in different language.

Many people like to watch Hollywood movie but many get trouble in understanding to the actors' dialogue. So the way they get the understanding about the movie is reading the translating text running. If Hindi translation is provided, it will bring the better understanding for Indian moviegoer. Hollywood movie spread over other Asia countries. Therefore, Arabic translation, Indonesian translation and Farsi translation are widely needed and that is a big chance for English master in that countries.

India is likely being an English speaking country. India translation will grow better and. It seems Indonesia, Malaysia and Filipina will reach that mark too soon. Translation job will be great in amount and that is good development for translating job seekers.

Hortatory Exposition Text

Dalam bahasa Indonesia, hortatory exposition text adalah teks eksposisi peneguran

Hortatory exposition is a text which represent the attempt of the writer to have the addressee do something or act in certain way. ( Hortatory Exposition adalah sebuah teks yang menghadirkan kembali percobaan penulis untuk penerima melakukan sesuatu hal atau tingkah laku dalam cara tertentu. )

A. Social function : to persuade the reader or listener that
something should or should not be the case ( Fungsi Sosial : untuk mengajak pembaca atau pendengar bahwa sesuatu hal seharusnya atau tak seharusnya diperkarakan )

B. Generic Structure of Hortatory Exposition ( Struktur Umum dari Hortatory Exposition )
^ Thesis : announcement of issue concern ( Tesis : Pengumuman masalah kepedulian )
^ Argument : reasons for concern, leading to
recommendation ( Argumen : Penyebabuntuk masalah, yang mengarah ke rekomendasi )
^ Recommendation : statement of what ought to or
ought not to happen ( Rekomendasi : pernyataan dari yang seharusnya atau tak seharusnya terjadi )

C. Language Feature of Hortatory Exposition ( Ciri Bahasa dari Hortatory Exposition )
^ Focusing on the writer ( Berpusat pada penulis )
^ Using abstract noun; policy, advantage, etc ( Menggunakan kata benda abstrak, kata bijak, keuntungan dan lain - lain )
^ Using action verb ( Menggunakan kata kerja tingkah laku )
^ Using thinking verb ( Menggunakan kata kerja pemikiran )
^ Using modal adverb; certainly, surely, etc ( Menggunakan kata keterangan modal )
^ Using temporal connective; firstly, secondly, etc ( Menggunakan kata hubung sementara, pertama, kedua dan lain - lain )
^ Using evaluative words; important, valuable, trustworthy, etc ( Menggunakan kata - kata evaluatif : penting, berarti, terpecaya dan lain - lain )
^ Using passive voice ( Menggunakan kalimat pasif )
^ Using simple present tense ( Menggunakan simple present tense )

Example

Let’s Make City Clean and Fresh

A clean and fresh city will surely make the inhabitants healthy. Every morning especially in dry season, all roads must be watered with clean water and swept by the workers of the regional government under the Major’s instruction.
To keep the people from heavy pollution caused by cars, trucks and motorcycles, enough trees must be planted along all roads. Every building or house in the city must be surrounded short and small trees which bear colorful flower.
Bad and improper habits which cause disadvantages, bad smell and dangerous diseases to people such as smoking and throwing rubbish anywhere should be stopped at once.
The major of each city will have to think over the way how to educate people, so that they realize on how important cleanliness and health are for their own sake. Building more public lavatories at every busy place is very badly needed.
It will be wise if the Major decides a certain amount of fine to be paid by those who disobey the government regulation on cleanliness matter. A man who urinate not at lavatory, smoke not at smoking room or throw rubbish at the roads should be fined for instance. Besides dirtying the environment with cigarettes’ butts, smoking will also cause pollution and lungs disease to other people.
So bad habits and impolite attitude should be immediately stopped, otherwise the city will be dirty, unhealthy badly polluted and will never attract foreign or domestic tourist

Question Tag

Dalam bahasa Indonesia, question tag adalah kutipan pertanyaan

Question Tag is introgative sentence that located after news or command sentence, the sentences link to each other. It divided to two points are ( Question tag adalah kalimat pertanyaan yang terletak setelah kalimat berita atau perintah, kalimat - kalimat saling berhubungan satu sama lain. Itu dibagi atas dua hal yaitu )
1. News Sentence, question tag ? ( there is subject ) ( Kalimat berita, kutipan pertanyaan ? ) ( ini untuk yang ada subjek )
2. Command sentence, question tag ? ( there isn't subject ) ( Kalimat Perintah, kutipan pertanyaan ? ) ( ini untuk yang tak ada subjek ) 

To make question tag must notice the subject that is always changed with pronoun that is suitable, accept There. To make introgative sentence must be always given Auxiliary Verb that is same or one category with Auxiliary Verb on news sentence that relevant. Accept if the news sentence uses auxiliary am so the question tag use are. If the command and prohibition sentence use question tag will you. If the appeal sentence uses the question tag won't you. If the invitation sentence uses the question tag shall we. If the compound sentence uses the question tag that is seen from the main sentence. If the news sentence use every that the question tag is the auxiliary verb that is contrast of the news sentence with given the word 'they' after comma. If the news sentence is positive so the question tag is negative. But there is the positive word that has the negative meaning like Never, Hardly, Seldom, Rarely, A few, A little, No so the question tag is still positive same as the news sentence. Auxiliary Verb like am, is, are, was, were, can, could, may, might, must, will, would, shall, should, have, had, need, dare, ought to, used to, do, does, did. Auxiliary Verb do, does and did used for the sentence that hasn't auxiliary verb, of course notice verb. Auxiliary Verb am uses the question tags aren't. But if the auxiliary verb am not still use the question tag am. ( Untuk membuat kutipan pertanyaan harus memperhatikan subjek yang selalu berubah dengan kata ganti yang sesuai kecuali There. Untuk membuat kalimat pertanyaan harus selalu diberikan kata kerja bantu yang sama atau satu kategori dengan kata kerja bantu pada kalimat berita yang bersangkutan. Kecuali jika kalimat berita menggunakan kata kerja bantu am maka kutipan pertanyaan menggunakan are. Jika kalimat perintah dan larangan menggunakan will you. Jika kalimat himbauan menggunakan kutipan pertanyaan won't you. Jika kalimat ajakan menggunakan kutipan pertanyaan shall we. Jika kalimat majemuk menggunakan kutipan pertanyaan yang dilihat dari kalimat utama atau induk kalimat. Jika kalimat berita menggunakan every sehingga kutipan pertanyaan adalah kata kerja bantu  yang berlawanan dari kalimat berita dengan diberikan kata 'they' setelah koma. Jika kalimat berita adalah positif maka kutipan pertanyaan adalah negatif. Tetapi ada kata positif yang memiliki makna negatif seperti Never, Hardly, Seldom, Rarely, A few, A little, No maka kutipan pertanyaan masih kalimat positif sama seperti kalimat berita. Kata kerja bantu seperti am, are, was, were, can, could, may, might, must, will, would, shall, should, have, had, need, dare, ought to, used to, do, does, did. Kata kerja bantu do, does dan did digunakan untuk kalimat yang tak mempunyai kata kerja bantu, tentu saja memperhatikan kata kerja. Kata kerja bantu am menggunakan kutipan pertanyaan aren't. Tetapi jika kata kerja bantu am not maka kutipan pertanyaan masih tetap am )

Example

Use Auxiliary Verb or None Auxiliary Verb ( Penggunaan Kata Kerja Bantu atau tanpa Kata Kerja Bantu )
1. Indonesian people eat rice, don't they ?
2. Mr. Smith drinks coffee in the morning, doesn't he ?
3. We saw a great film, didn't we ?
4. Amir isn't watching TV, is he ?
5. Mrs. Caroline ought to do the work now, oughtn't she ?

Use The word 'There' ( Penggunaan Kata 'There' )
1. There are many books, aren't there ?

Use The Command and Prohibition Sentence ( Penggunaan Kalimat Perintah dan Larangan )
1. Don't close the window, will you ?
2. Open the door, will you ?

Use The Appeal Sentence ( Penggunan Kalimat Himbauan )
1. Be patient, won't you ?

Use The Invitation Sentence ( Penggunaan Kalimat Ajakan )
1. Let's check it out, shall we ?

Use The Compound Sentence ( Penggunaan Kalimat Majemuk )
1. You believed that she was a liar, didn't you ?
2. When she arrived, the man was cutting the tree, wasn't he ?

Use The Positive Word that has The Negative Meaning ( Penggunaan Kata Positif yang Memiliki Makna Negatif )
1. John can hardly see the mark, can he ?
2. She has nothing, does she ?

Use The Word 'Every' ( Penggunaan Kata 'Every' )
1. Every body is ready, aren't they ?

Use Auxiliary Verb 'Am' and 'Am Not' ( Penggunaan Kata Kerja Bantu 'Am' dan 'Am Not' )
1. I am your partner, aren't i ?
2. I am not your partner, am i ?

The Conditional Sentences ( If clause )

Dalam bahasa Indonesia, the conditional sentence adalah kalimat pengandaian. 

The conditional sentences have three type, it used for drawing the conditional, if can be put in the beginning sentence or after comma ( Kalimat pengandaian memiliki tiga tipe, itu digunakan untuk menggambarkan pengandaian, if bisa diletakkan pada awal kalimat atau setelah koma )

Type III ( Impossible Condition ) ( Pengandaian yang Mustahil Terjadi )

The type III is the conditional sentences that impossible happen, the event or activity happen in the past ( Tipe III adalah kalimat pengandaian yang mustahil terjadi, peristiwa atau kegiatan terjadi di waktu lampau )

Formula

the real uses simple past tense so the conditional uses past perfect tense and the real uses the positive sentence so the conditional uses the negative sentence and vice versa ( Kenyataan menggunakan simple past tense maka pengandaian menggunakan past perfect tense dan kenyataan menggunakan kalimat positif maka pengandaian menggunakan kalimat negatif dan begitu pula sebaliknya )
If + Subject + Past Perfect Tense ( positive or negative ), Subject + modal ( shall / will / can / may / must ) ( positive or negative ) + have

Example

@ I was at home because tomorrow was holiday ( the real )
@ If tomorrow hadn't been holiday, i wouldn't have been at home ( the conditional )
@ I wasn't at home because tomorrow wasn't holiday ( the real )
@ If tomorrow had been holiday, i would have been at home ( the conditional )

The Conditional Sentences ( If clause )

Dalam bahasa Indonesia, the conditional sentence adalah kalimat pengandaian. 

The conditional sentences have three type, it used for drawing the conditional, if can be put in the beginning sentence or after comma ( Kalimat pengandaian memiliki tiga tipe, itu digunakan untuk menggambarkan pengandaian, if bisa diletakkan pada awal kalimat atau setelah koma )

Type II ( Improbable Condition ) ( Pengandaian yang Tak Mungkin Terjadi )

The type II is the conditional sentences that impossible happen, used for the event in the present or future ( Tipe II adalah kalimat pengandaian yang tak mungkin terjadi, digunakan untuk peristiwa saat ini atau yang akan datang )

Formula

the real uses simple present tense so the conditional uses simple past tense and the real uses the positive sentence so the conditional uses simple the negative sentence and vice versa ( kenyataan menggunakan simple present tense maka pengandaian menggunakan simple past tense dan kenyataan menggunakan kalimat positif maka pengandaian menggunakan kalimat negatif dan begitu pula sebaliknya )
If + Subject + Simple Past Tense ( positive or negative ) ( special for tobe using were although i / she / he / it / person name ), Subject + modal ( should / would / could / might ) ( positive or negative )

Example

@ I am at home because tomorrow is holiday ( the real )
@ If tomorrow weren't holiday, i wouldn't be at home ( the conditional )
@ I ain't at home because tomorrow isn't holiday ( the real )
@ If tomorrow were holiday, i would be at home ( the conditional )

The Conditional Sentences ( If clause )

Dalam bahasa Indonesia, the conditional sentence adalah kalimat pengandaian.

The conditional sentences have three type, it used for drawing the conditional, if can be put in the beginning sentence or after comma ( Kalimat pengandaian memiliki tiga tipe, itu digunakan untuk menggambarkan pengandaian, if bisa diletakkan pada awal kalimat atau setelah koma )

Type I ( Probable Condition ) ( Pengandaian yang Mungkin Terjadi )

The type I is the conditional sentences that possible happen if the terms fulfilled ( Tipe 1 adalah kalimat pengandaian yang mungkin terjadi jika syarat - syarat terpenuhi )

Formula

the real uses present future / simple future tense so the conditional uses simple present tense and the real uses the positive sentence so the conditional uses simple the negative sentence and vice versa ( kenyataan menggunakan present future atau simple future tense maka pengandaian menggunakan simple present tense dan kenyataan menggunakan kalimat positif maka pengandaian menggunakn kalimat negatif dan begitu pula sebaliknya )
If + Subject + Simple Present Tense ( positive or negative ), Subject + modal ( shall / will / can / may / must ) ( positive or negative )

Example

@ I will be at home because tomorrow is holiday ( the real )
@ If tomorrow isn't holiday, i won't be at home ( the conditional )
@ I won't be at home because tomorrow isn't holiday ( the real )
@ If tomorrow is holiday, i will be at home ( the conditional )

News Item Text

Dalam bahasa Indonesia, news item adalah butir-butir berita

News item is a text which informs readers about events of the day. The events are considered newsworthy or important. ( News item adalah sebuah teks yang menginformasikan pembaca tentang peristiwa yang terjadi pada setiap harinya. Peristiwa yang dianggap patut untuk diberitakan atau penting. )

A. Generic Structure of News Item: ( Struktur Umum dari News Item )
1. Newsworthy event ( Peristiwa yang patut diberitakan )
2. Background Events ( Latar belakang peristiwa )
3. Source ( Sumber )

B. Language Feature of News Item ( Ciri bahasa dari News Item )
1. Using Action Verbs ( Menggunakan kata kerja tingkah laku )
2. Using Saying Verbs ( Menggunakan kata kerja mengatakan )
3. Using Passive Sentence ( Menggunakan kalimat pasif )

Example

Town Contaminated

Moscow – A Russian journalist has uncovered evidence of another Soviet nuclear catastrophe, which killed 10 sailors and contaminated an entire town.

Yelena Vazrshavskya is the first journalist to speak to people who witnessed the explosion of a nuclear submarine at the naval base of shkotovo – 22 near Vladivostock.
The accident, which occurred 13 months before the Chernobyl disaster, spread radioactive fall-out over the base and nearby town, but was covered up by officials of the Soviet Union. Residents were told the explosion in the reactor of the Victor-class submarine during a refit had been a ‘thermal’ and not a nuclear explosion. And those involved in the clean up operation to remove more than 600 tones of contaminated material were sworn to secrecy.

Sources A board of investigators was later to describe it as the worst accident in the history of the Soviet Navy.

Announcement

Dalam bahasa Indonesia, announcement adalah pengumuman.

1. a formal public statement ( Pernyataan umum yang resmi )
2. a public statement containing information about an event that has happened or is going to happen ( Pernyataan umum yang berisi informasi tentang peristiwa yang telah terjadi atau akan terjadi )
3. The act of announcing, or giving notice; that which announces; proclamation; publication ( Tindakan mengumumkan atau memberikan peringatan, yang mengumumkan, yang memproklamasikan, publikasi )

Example

English Conversation Club (SCC) is opening registration for new members
join us and improve your English!
Every Thursday from 16.00 to 17.00 at the school hall
For registration, please contact
^ Wayan (VIIA)
^ Anissa (VIIB)

Advertisement

Dalam bahasa Indonesia, advertisement adalah iklan.

Advertising is a form of communication used to encourage or persuade an audience (viewers, readers or listeners) to continue or take some new action. Most commonly, the desired result is to drive consumer behavior with respect to a commercial offering, although political and ideological advertising is also common. The purpose of advertising may also be to reassure employees or shareholders that a company is viable or successful. Advertising messages are usually paid for by sponsors and viewed via various traditional media; including mass media such as newspaper, magazines, television commercial, radio advertisement, outdoor advertising or direct mail; or new media such as websites and text messages. ( Periklanan adalah suatu bentuk komunikasi yang digunakan untuk menganjurkan atau mengajak pemirsa seperti penonton, pembaca atau pendengar untuk melanjutkan atau mengambil beberapa langkah baru. Paling sering, hasil yang diinginkan adalah untuk mendorong tindakan konsumen sehubungan dengan penawaran komersial, bahkan periklanan ideologi dan politik juga sering. Tujuan dari periklanan mungkin untuk meyakinkan karyawan atau pemegang saham bahwa suatu perusahaan dapat berjalan terus dan sukses. Pesan periklanan biasanya dibayar oleh sponsor untuk dilihat oleh berbagai media tradisional, termasuk media massa seperti koran, majalah, komersial televisi, iklan radio, iklan luar ruangan atau surat langsung, atau media baru seperti website dan pesan teks. )

Example

We're looking for five designers to re-design newspaper ads for us under a weekly contract for a period of three months. The process would work as follows:

1. We would send you a batch of 100 newspaper ads in PDF form on a set day every week

2. You would then redesign each one of these ads into a form that is more visually appealing. In some ads, you will be able to use the company website for reference (where this is listed on the original ad). On others you would be simply designing something more graphically appealing from your experience

3. Once done you would lay up the old and new ads onto a pre-designed before and after makeover/re-design sheet (see reference attached). While doing this you would also choose from a pre-existing list of points that justify the new artwork and drop these onto this proof as well. (again see bottom of reference artwork - you don't have to write these, just select the relevant points from a list)

4. Once completed you would email us back 100 sheets worth of artwork.

Typically these ad redesigns take around 30 minutes to 1 hour each, so producing 100 ads would be a solid weeks work (somewhere between 40-60 hours depending on your skill level.

To start the process off, we will send you a batch of ten ads, along with a set of instructions on how we like these done. We will critique this first lot and you may be required to re-do some of this artwork in order to get it right. This is a necessary part of the training process as we do expect anyone to get it right first time.

Once we are comfortable that you know what we are trying to achieve, we will send you the balance of those 100 ads for the first week, plus 100 per week thereafter.

To apply for this work, you will need to be able to set-up this artwork in Illustrator, preferably version 10, as we need the artwork formatted in such a way that we are able to work with the files you have created on an ongoing basis. You will also need to be PC based.

Relative Pronouns

Dalam bahasa Indonesia, relative pronouns adalah kata ganti penghubung.

Relative Pronouns consist of who, whom, whose, which and that, can be interpreted 'yang' ( Relative Pronouns terdiri dari who, whom, whose, which atau that, bisa ditafsirkan 'yang' )

1. Who
Who is used for the people, relative pronoun as subject ( Who digunakan untuk orang, kata ganti penghubung sebagai subjek )

Formula

a. Subject + Who + Verb + Adverb, who is located between Subject and Verb
b. Subject + Who + Modal + Verb 1 + Adverb, who is located between Subject and Modal
c. Subject + Who + Tobe + Verb 3 + by ..., who is located between Subject and Tobe
d. Subject + Who + Modal + be + Verb 3 + by ..., who is located between Subject and Modal

Example

a. The girl who is reading the Novel in that room is my English teacher ( The girl is my English teacher. She is reading the Novel. )
b. She who can make to believe everyone about that event is my aunt ( She is my aunt. She can make to believe everyone about that event. )
c. The girl who is loved by him is the friendship of my friend ( The girl is the friendship of my friend. She is loved by him. )
d. The man who will be married by her is the kind hearted man ( The man is kind hearted man. He will be married by her. )

2. Whom
Whom is used for the people, relative pronoun as object ( Whom digunakan untuk orang, kata ganti penghubung sebagai objek )

Formula

a. Object + Whom + Subject, whom is located between Object and Subject

Example

a. The woman whom i have talked to will buy a new house ( I have talked to the woman. She will buy a new house. )
b. The girl whom Sally is going with has ever been to Indonesia country ( Sally is going with the girl. She has ever been to Indonesia country. )

3. Whose
Whose is used for stating possession ( Whose digunakan untuk menyatakan kepemilikan atau kepunyaan )

Formula

a. Subject + Whose + Possesion of Subject, whose is located between Subject and Possesion of Subject

Example

a. The man whose wife died last week is my teacher ( The man is my teacher. His wife died last week. )
b. The girl whose bag was stolen went with you yesterday doesn't like you ( The girl went with you yesterday. She doesn't like you. Her bag was stolen. )
c. The woman whose umbrella is green is as old as my grandmother ( The woman is as old as my grandmother. Her umbrella is green. )

4. Which or That
Which or That is used for the noun, relative pronoun as subject or object ( Which atau That digunakan untuk benda, kata ganti penghubung sebagai subjek atau objek )

Formula

a. Subject + Which / That + Verb, which or that is located between Subject and Verb
b. Object + Which / That + Subject, which or that is located between Object and Subject
c. Subject + Which / That + Tobe + Adjective, which or that is located between Subject and Tobe
d. Subject + Which / That + Modal + be + Verb 3, which or that is located between Subject and Modal
e. Object + Which / That + Modal + Verb 1, which or that is located between Object and Modal
f. Subject + Which / That + Modal + be + Verb 3, which or that is located between Subject and Modal

Example

a. The bag that / which is lying on the desk is Helen's ( The bag is Helen's. It's lying on the desk. )
b. The newspaper that / which Pedro gave you was very interesting ( Pedro gave you the newspaper. It was very interesting. )
c. The painting that / which is very beautiful is his ( The painting is his. It's very beautiful. )
d. The bird that / which can be created the spectacle is Mira's ( The bird is Mira's. It can be created the spectacle. )
e. I've just heard something that / which will surprise you ( I've heard something. It will surprise you )
f. Something that / which will be said is about him ( Something is about him. It will be said. )

Degrees of Comparison

Dalam bahasa Indonesia, degrees of comparison adalah derajat perbandingan antar hal.

The adjective and adverb have three degrees of comparison ( Kata sifat dan keterangan mempunyai tiga derajat perbandingan antar hal )

1. Positive Degree ( The adjective that doesn't undergone the change yet ) ( Kata sifat yang belum mengalami perubahan )

Formula

a. Subject + Tobe + Adjective or Positive Degree
b. Subject + Tobe + Positive Degree as Object
c. Subject + Verb + Positive Degree as Object

Example

a. She is very polite
b. She is a polite girl
c. She has many time

2. Comparative Degree ( Degree of More / er ) ( Tingkatan lebih )

Er that is written after the adjective is used for one syllable, More is used for over of one syllable ( Er yang ditulis setelah kata sifat digunakan untuk satu suku kata, More digunakan untuk lebih dari satu suku kata )

Formula

a. Subject + Tobe + Comparative Degree ( More ) + Adjective + than + ...
b. Subject + Verb + Comparative Degree ( More )
c. Subject + Tobe + Comparative Degree ( er ) as Object
d. Subject + Tobe + Adjective + Comparative Degree ( er ) + than + ...

Example

a. She is more beautiful than the artist
b. Jack reads more
c. She is my elder sister
d. He is the smarter than me

3. Superlative Degree ( Degree of Most / est ) ( Tingkatan Paling )

Est that is written after the adjective is used for one syllable, Most is used for over of one syllable ( Est yang ditulis setelah kata sifat digunakan untuk satu suku kata, Most digunakan untuk lebih dari satu suku kata )

Formula

a. Subject + Tobe + Superlative Degree ( Most ) + Adjective
b. Subject + Tobe + Superlative Degree ( Most / est ) as Object
c. Subject + Verb + Superlative Degree ( Most /est ) as Object

Example

a. She is the most perfect
b. Rino is the most famous person in the world, Rino is the smartest man in the world
c. She looks the most beautiful, she looks the best

There is some words if it's given er or est, it will change. It called The Irregular Degree ( Ada beberapa kata jika itu diberi er atau est, itu akan berubah. Itu yang dinamakan tingkatan yang tak beraturan )

1. good - better - best
2. bad - worse - worst
3. many - more - most
4. much - more - most
5. little - less - least
6. far - farther - farthest
7. old - elder - eldest
8. further - furthest

Preference

Dalam bahasa Indonesia, preference adalah sesuatu yang lebih disukai atau disenangi.

The sentence that uses like, prefer, would rather and would prefer with it has the mean to state 'pilihan' or 'lebih suka' on something ( do the job ) than the other thing ( do the other job ). ( Kalimat yang menggunakan kata like, prefer, would rather dan would prefer dengan kalimat it dimaksudkan memiliki arti untuk menyatakan 'pilihan' atau 'lebih suka' pada sesuatu hal ( melakukan pekerjaan )  daripada hal yang lain ( melakukan pekerjaan ). )

There is four preference sentence patterns ( Ada empat pola kalimat preference )

1. Use Like ( Penggunaan kata Like )

Formula

a. Subject + Like + Noun + Better Than + Noun
b. Subject + Like + Noun + Better Not Than + Noun
c. Subject + Like + Verb 1 + ing + Better Than + Verb 1 + ing
d. Subject + Like + Verb 1 + ing + Better Not Than + Verb 1 + ing

Example

a. I like chocolate better than milk
b. I like chocolate better not than chocolate
c. I like reading better than swimming
d. I like reading better not than swimming

2. Use Prefer ( Penggunaan kata Prefer )

Formula

a. Subject + Prefer + Noun + To + Noun
b. Subject + Prefer + Not + To + Noun
c. Subject + Prefer + Verb 1 + ing + To + Verb 1 + ing
d. Subject + Prefer + Not + To + Verb 1 + To + Verb 1 + ing

Example

a. I prefer romance to poetry
b. I prefer not romance to poetry
c. I prefer writing poem to reading poem
d. I prefer not to write poem to reading poem

3. Use Would Rather ( Penggunaan kata Would Rather )

Formula

a. Subject + Would Rather + Verb inf + Than + Verb inf
b. Subject + Would Rather + Not + Verb inf + Than + Verb inf
c. Subject + Would Rather + Verb inf + Noun + Than + Noun
d. Subject + Would Rather + Not + Verb inf + Noun + Than + Noun

Example

a. I would rather write than read
b. I would rather not write than read
c. I would rather write poem than story
d. I would rather not write poem than story

4. Use Would Prefer ( Penggunaan kata Would Prefer )

Formula

a. Subject + Would Prefer + To + Verb inf + Rather Than + Verb inf
b. Subject + Would Prefer + Not + To + Verb inf + Rather Than + Verb inf
c. Rather Than + Verb inf + Subject + Would Prefer + To + Verb inf
d. Rather Than + Verb inf + Subject + Would Prefer + Not + To + Verb inf

Example

a. I would prefer to play chess rather than write poem
b. I would prefer not to play chess rather than write poem
c. Rather than play chess i would prefer to write poem
d. Rather than play chess i would prefer not to write poem

Demonstrative Pronouns

Dalam Bahasa Indonesia yaitu kata ganti penunjuk.

Demonstrative Pronouns is like this, that, those and these ( Kata ganti penunjuk adalah seperti ini tunggal, itu tunggal, itu jamak, ini jamak )

@ This is used for singular of 'ini' ( This digunakan untuk sesuatu yang tunggal artinya ini )
@ That is used for singular of 'itu' ( That digunakan untuk sesuatu yang tunggal artinya itu )
@ Those is used for plural of 'itu' ( Those digunakan untuk sesuatu yang jamak artinya itu )
@ These is used for plural of 'ini' ( These digunakan untuk sesuatu yang jamak artinya ini )

Formula

@ This + Tobe ( is, was ) + Singular Noun
@ That + Tobe ( is, was ) + Singular Noun
@ Those + Tobe ( are, were ) + Plural Noun
@ These + Tobe ( are, were ) + Plural Noun

Example

@ This is a spoon
@ That is a hen
@ These are pigeons
@ Those are parrots

Tips Menentukan Inti Cerita

1. Apabila ditanya topik or inti cerita di wacana or teks, kebetulan terdapat istilah yang diapit tanda petik dan istilah itu sedang menjadi ulasan, maka topik dari paragraf tersebut adalah istilah tersebut.

2. Apabila ditanya topik, harus diingat bahwa topik dalam Bahasa Inggris disampaikan hanya dalam 2 cara yaitu deduktif tereksplisit di kalimat awal dan induktif di kalimat akhir. Namun kebanyakan teks soal selalu mengambil bentuk teks ilmiah yang dinyatakan secara deduktif. Maka untuk mencari pertanyaan dari topik, tinggal saja mencari diantara pilihan jawaban yang sama or mirip or senada dengan kalimat awal di wacana dan itulah jawabannya. Bila tidak ada pilihan jawaban yang bermakna sama dengan kalimat dari wacana, baru dilihat kalimat terakhir dari wacana. Itulah induktif.

3. Langkah mencari pikiran utama ( main information / main idea )

a. Mencari pilihan pada pertanyaan pikiran utama yang kata-katanya / kalimatnya sama or searti dengan yang ada pada jawaban topik karena pikiran utama hanyalah suatu penembangan topik. Topik dan pikiran utama akan membicarakan hal yang sama.

b. Apabila ada urutan seperti dinyatakan dengan ungkapan seperti first..., second... dst atau one..., two..., dst atau dengan urutan a or b or c maka yang diurutkannya itulah pikiran utama, sementara pengurutnya hanya merupakan pemberian or pikiran pendukung / penjabaran.

c. Langkah lain adalah dengan menggabungkan gagasan pada kalimat pertama dan kedua dari wacana. Hasil penggabungan akan menjadi pikiran utama.

d. Alternatif langkah yang lain lagi, bisa dengan menggabungkan gagasan pada kalimat pertama dan gagasan dari kalimat terakhir ( gabungan deduktif dan induktif : campuran ).

Urutan diatas menunjukkan prioritas, jadi rumus 3b digunakan bila dengan rumus 3a jawaban belum ditemukan, dan rumus 3c digunakan bila dengan rumus 3a dan 3b jawaban tidak ditemukan.

Tips Menjawab Wacana Panjang ( Longer Reading )

1. Apabila ditanya simpulan ( conclusion ), gabungkanlah intisari gagasan pada paragraf pertama dan terakhir.

2. Apabila ditanya tujuan utama penulis menuliskan teks tersebut, intisari paragraf pertama dalah jawabannya. Apabila terdapat sebuah kalimat pertanyaan pada paragraf pertama, maka pertanyaan itu adalah gambaran dari tujuan penulis akan hal yang hendak disampaikan.

3. Untuk menjawab pertanyaan sebab akibat ( dengan ciri why ... ?, or because or as or since ... ), maka pertama dalah mencari pernyataan yang sama dengan kalimat soal di wacana. Bila sudah didapatkan, melihat satu kalimat sebelum dan atau sesudah kalimat tadi. Jawaban biasanya terletak pada satu kalimat sebelum dan atau sesudah pernyataan kalimat yang sama dengan soal tadi.

4. Apabila ditanya inti cerita ( dengan ciri soal : the text tells us about ..., what is the text about ?, what is suitable title for the text ?, maka untuk menjawabnya, membaca setiap kalimat pertama dari setiap paragraf lalu menggabung gagasannya.

5. Untuk menjawab pertanyaan melengkapi gagasan, tinggal saja melihat di cerita, pernyataan yang sama dengan soal dan melihat kelanjutan kalimat tersebut, itulah jawabannya.

Curriculum Vitae ( CV )

Dalam bahasa Indonesia, curriculum vitae adalah daftar riwayat hidup. Ini disertakan dalam 1 amplop dengan surat lamaran pekerjaan.

CURRICULUM VITAE ( CV )

I. PERSONAL DETAILS ( PERSONAL DETAILS : RINCIAN PRIBADI )

Name : Dwi Noviana ( Name : Nama )
Mailing Address : Jl. MT. Haryono VII / 37 ( Mailing Address : Alamat Pengiriman Pos )
Malang 65100
Contact Number : 1. 0341-569346 ( Contact Number : Nomor Kontak )
2. 08125261609
Place & Date of Birth : Banyuwangi, November 27, 1979 ( Pace and Date of Birth : Tempat, Tanggal Lahir )
Sex : Female ( Sex : Jenis Kelamin )
Marital Status : Single ( Marital Status : Status Perkawinan )
Religion : Moslem ( Religion : Agama )
Nationality : Indonesian ( Nationality : Kebangsaan )

II. EDUCATION DETAILS ( EDUCATION DETAILS : RINCIAN PENDIDIKAN )

1. 1986 – 1992 State Elementary School Kaligondo 1 Genteng
2. 1992 – 1995 State Junior High School 1 Genteng
3. 1995 – 1998 State Senior High School 2 Genteng
4. 2000 – 2003 Accounting Department
State Polytechnic Of Malang

GPA ( IPK ) = 2.90 (scale 4)
PREDICATE = Very Satisfactory ( PREDIKAT : Sangat Memuaskan )

III. ON THE JOB TRAINING / COURSE ( JOB TRAINING : PELATIHAN KERJA, COURSE : KURSUS )

August – September 2002 On the job training at PT. Jasa Raharja
(Persero) Malang
August 2001 English Course at EL RAHMA
EDUCATION CENTRE
May 2003 TOEFL Test at State Polytechnic Of Malang

IV. COMPUTER ABILITY ( COMPUTER ABILITY : KEAHLIAN KOMPUTER )

Microsoft Word, Microsoft Excel, Microsoft Access, Microsoft Power Point, Myob, Visual Foxpro